Linux & Mac Command Cheatsheet for Developers | Terminal, Network & Debugging
이 글의 핵심
The terminal is where debugging happens. This cheatsheet covers the commands developers actually use every day — from file manipulation and network diagnostics to log analysis and process management.
Directory & File Management
# Current directory
pwd
# Navigate
cd /var/log
cd ~ # Home directory
cd - # Previous directory
cd .. # Parent directory
# List files
ls -la # All files, detailed (permissions, size, date)
ls -lh # Human-readable sizes (KB, MB, GB)
ls -lt # Sort by modification time, newest first
ls -lS # Sort by size, largest first
# Tree view (install: brew install tree)
tree -L 2 # 2 levels deep
tree -d # Directories only
tree -I 'node_modules|.git' # Exclude patterns
# Create directories
mkdir -p parent/child/grandchild # Create all intermediate dirs
# Copy, move, delete
cp -r src/ dest/ # Copy directory recursively
cp -p file backup # Preserve permissions and timestamps
mv old.txt new.txt # Rename / move
rm -rf dir/ # Force delete directory (⚠️ irreversible)
rm -ri dir/ # Interactive delete (confirm each file)
# Find files
find . -name "*.log" # By name
find . -name "*.js" -not -path "*/node_modules/*" # Exclude path
find . -newer reference.txt # Modified after reference file
find . -size +100M # Files over 100 MB
find . -type f -mtime -7 # Modified in last 7 daysFile Content & Search
# View file content
cat file.txt # Print entire file
head -20 file.txt # First 20 lines
tail -50 file.txt # Last 50 lines
tail -f /var/log/app.log # Follow (live updates)
less file.txt # Paginated view (q to quit)
# Search with grep
grep "error" app.log # Lines containing "error"
grep -i "error" app.log # Case-insensitive
grep -r "TODO" ./src/ # Recursive search in directory
grep -n "error" app.log # Show line numbers
grep -v "debug" app.log # Exclude lines matching pattern
grep -A 3 "error" app.log # 3 lines AFTER each match
grep -B 3 "error" app.log # 3 lines BEFORE each match
grep -C 3 "error" app.log # 3 lines before AND after
grep -l "error" *.log # Only filenames that match
# Ripgrep (faster, install: brew install ripgrep)
rg "error" ./src/ # Same as grep -r but much faster
rg -i "todo" --type js # Search only .js files
# Stream editing with sed
sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt # Replace all occurrences
sed 's/old/new/' file.txt # Replace first occurrence per line
sed -i 's/old/new/g' file.txt # Edit file in place (Linux)
sed -i '' 's/old/new/g' file.txt # Edit file in place (macOS)
sed '/^#/d' file.txt # Delete comment lines
sed -n '10,20p' file.txt # Print lines 10 to 20
# Data extraction with awk
awk '{print $1}' file.txt # Print first field (space-delimited)
awk -F',' '{print $2}' data.csv # Print second column of CSV
awk 'NR > 1' file.txt # Skip the first line (header)
awk '/error/ {print $0}' log.txt # Print lines matching pattern
awk '{sum += $3} END {print sum}' data.txt # Sum third column
# Word count
wc -l file.txt # Line count
wc -w file.txt # Word count
wc -c file.txt # Byte countNetwork Debugging
# Test connectivity
ping google.com -c 4 # Send 4 pings
traceroute google.com # Trace network path (Linux)
tracert google.com # Windows equivalent
mtr google.com # Better traceroute (install: brew install mtr)
# DNS lookup
nslookup google.com # DNS query
dig google.com # Detailed DNS info
dig google.com +short # Just the IP address
# HTTP requests with curl
curl https://api.example.com/data # GET request
curl -I https://example.com # Headers only (HEAD)
curl -X POST https://api.example.com/users \ # POST with JSON
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"name": "Alice", "email": "[email protected]"}'
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer TOKEN" \ # With auth header
https://api.example.com/me
curl -o output.html https://example.com # Save to file
curl -L https://example.com # Follow redirects
curl -s https://api.example.com | jq . # Pipe to jq for JSON formatting
# Check open ports and connections
ss -tlnp # All listening TCP ports + PIDs (Linux)
netstat -tlnp # Similar (older, but works on macOS too)
lsof -i :8080 # What's using port 8080 (macOS/Linux)
lsof -i -P | grep LISTEN # All listening sockets
# Port scanning (install: brew install nmap)
nmap -p 80,443,8080 hostname # Check specific ports
nmap -p 1-1000 hostname # Scan port range
# View network interfaces
ip addr show # Linux (modern)
ifconfig # Linux/macOS (older)Process Management
# View running processes
ps aux # All processes with details
ps aux | grep node # Find node processes
ps -ef | grep python # Alternative syntax
# Interactive process viewer
top # Basic (press q to quit)
htop # Better UI (install: brew install htop)
btop # Modern UI (install: brew install btop)
# Kill processes
kill 12345 # Send SIGTERM (graceful stop) to PID
kill -9 12345 # Send SIGKILL (force stop) — use when SIGTERM fails
pkill node # Kill all processes named "node"
pkill -f "python app.py" # Kill by full command string
# Background and foreground
command & # Run in background
Ctrl+C # Kill foreground process
Ctrl+Z # Suspend foreground process
bg # Resume suspended process in background
fg # Bring background process to foreground
jobs # List background jobs
# Process priority
nice -n 10 command # Run with lower priority (10 = less CPU)
renice -n -5 12345 # Change priority of running processLog Analysis
# Real-time log following
tail -f /var/log/app.log # Follow log file
tail -f /var/log/app.log | grep "ERROR" # Filter while following
tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log | grep -v "health" # Exclude health checks
# Search logs with date filtering
grep "2026-04-15" /var/log/app.log # Specific date
grep "ERROR\|WARN" /var/log/app.log # Multiple patterns (OR)
grep "ERROR" /var/log/app.log | tail -100 # Last 100 errors
# Count occurrences
grep -c "ERROR" app.log # Count matching lines
grep "ERROR" app.log | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn # Count unique errors
# Extract fields from structured logs
# JSON logs: cat app.log | jq '.level == "error"'
# Apache access log: awk '{print $7}' access.log | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
# journalctl (systemd systems)
journalctl -u nginx # Logs for nginx service
journalctl -u nginx --since "1 hour ago" # Last hour
journalctl -u nginx -f # Follow
journalctl -p err # Only errorsDisk & System Information
# Disk usage
df -h # All filesystems, human-readable
df -h /var # Specific path
du -sh * # Size of each item in current dir
du -sh /var/log/* # Size of each log file
du -sh * | sort -h # Sort by size
du -sh * | sort -rh | head -10 # Top 10 largest
# Find large files
find / -size +1G 2>/dev/null # Files over 1 GB
find /var/log -name "*.log" -size +100M # Large log files
# System info
uname -a # OS and kernel info
uptime # System uptime and load averages
free -h # Memory usage (Linux)
vm_stat # Memory stats (macOS)
nproc # CPU core count (Linux)
sysctl -n hw.ncpu # CPU core count (macOS)
# Load averages (from uptime or top)
# Format: 1min 5min 15min
# If value > CPU cores → overloadedPermissions & Ownership
# View permissions
ls -la file.txt
# -rw-r--r-- 1 alice staff 1234 Apr 15 10:00 file.txt
# ↑ permissions ↑owner ↑group
# chmod — change permissions
chmod 755 script.sh # rwxr-xr-x (owner: rwx, group: r-x, other: r-x)
chmod 644 file.txt # rw-r--r-- (owner: rw, group: r, other: r)
chmod +x script.sh # Add execute permission for all
chmod -R 755 ./dir/ # Recursive
# Common permission values
# 7 = rwx (read + write + execute)
# 6 = rw- (read + write)
# 5 = r-x (read + execute)
# 4 = r-- (read only)
# chown — change ownership
chown alice file.txt # Change owner
chown alice:staff file.txt # Change owner and group
chown -R alice:staff ./dir/ # Recursive
# sudo — run as root
sudo command # Run with root privileges
sudo -u alice command # Run as specific userCompression & Archives
# tar — most common on Linux/Mac
tar -czf archive.tar.gz ./dir/ # Create compressed archive
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz # Extract
tar -tzf archive.tar.gz # List contents without extracting
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz -C /tmp/ # Extract to specific directory
# zip/unzip
zip -r archive.zip ./dir/ # Create zip
unzip archive.zip # Extract zip
unzip -l archive.zip # List contents
# gzip — single file compression
gzip large-file.log # Compress (removes original, creates .gz)
gunzip large-file.log.gz # Decompress
gzip -k file.log # Keep original while compressing
zcat file.log.gz # View compressed file without extractingReal-World Troubleshooting Scenarios
”Port already in use"
# Find what's using port 8080
lsof -i :8080 # macOS / Linux
ss -tlnp | grep 8080 # Linux
# Kill it
kill -9 $(lsof -t -i :8080) # macOS / Linux"Disk is full"
df -h # Find which filesystem is full
du -sh /var/log/* | sort -rh | head -20 # Find largest log files
find /var/log -name "*.log" -mtime +30 -delete # Delete logs older than 30 days"Server is slow — what’s eating CPU/memory?"
top # Interactive view, press M for memory sort
ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -10 # Top CPU consumers (Linux)
ps aux -r | head -10 # Top CPU consumers (macOS)"API returns unexpected error — check logs"
tail -f /var/log/app.log | grep "ERROR"
# Or for JSON logs:
tail -f /var/log/app.json | jq 'select(.level == "error")'"Environment variable not set”
env # All environment variables
echo $PATH # Specific variable
printenv HOME # Alternative
export MY_VAR="value" # Set for current session
echo 'export MY_VAR="value"' >> ~/.zshrc # Persist across sessionsQuick Reference
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Follow log | tail -f app.log |
| Search in files | grep -r "pattern" ./src/ |
| Who owns port 8080 | lsof -i :8080 |
| Disk usage | df -h && du -sh * |
| Kill process by name | pkill -f "my-app" |
| Find large files | find / -size +1G 2>/dev/null |
| HTTP request | curl -X POST url -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{}' |
| Replace in file | sed -i 's/old/new/g' file.txt |
| Count lines matching | grep -c "ERROR" app.log |
| Extract column | awk -F',' '{print $2}' data.csv |
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